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It acts as a single point of control for all operations and is optimized for on-premise, online, and hybrid Exchange deployments. Microsoft observed delayed updates in EMC, and this is why it decided to limit its scope in Exchange has a cloud-based application called Hybrid Configuration Wizard HCW that helps to connect with other Microsoft tools like Office in real-time.
Improved diagnostics and troubleshooting make it ideal for hybrid deployments. Also, this protocol allows Outlook to pause a connection, change networks, and resume hibernation, things that were difficult to implement in Exchange In , you had to install certificate for every server through EMC, while in , you can install certificates across multiple servers at the same time through EAC.
You can also see the expiry details in EAC. The first step is to update the existing environment to make the version suitable for upgrading to These are the minimum supported patch level updates for , and the installation process is fairly self-explanatory.
You should update clients to this minimum supported version before implementing Exchange Do you have the system requirements needed to support Exchange ? Next, you have to prepare the schema update.
This step is irreversible, so make sure you have a full backup of Active Directory before proceeding. Next, run the Exchange setup. Choose a specific directory to extract all the files of this setup. Once the extraction is complete, run the following commands, one after the other. Open the command prompt and go to the directory where you have extracted the files. The first command is to prepare the schema, which is, setup. Now your schema is prepared, so move on to the next command, which is, setup.
With this, we have completed the Active Directory installation for Exchange Fortunately, this is also the easiest step in the migration process as the configuration wizard takes care of most things for you! Once the installation is complete, click on the Finish button.
This will load the Exchange Admin Center on the browser. Exchange management console in is replaced with a web-based Exchange Admin Center in This is the place where you can have greater control over all operations. Next, update the settings of Outlook Anywhere. Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number.
The computer can be instructed to "put the number into the cell numbered " or to "add the number that is in cell to the number that is in cell and put the answer into cell Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.
In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits called a byte. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used typically, two, four or eight.
When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory. The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area.
There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units greatly increases the computer's speed.
ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. In embedded computers , which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the required software may be stored in ROM.
Software stored in ROM is often called firmware , because it is notionally more like hardware than software. Flash memory blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary.
In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories , which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part. Hard disk drives , floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices.
A graphics processing unit might contain fifty or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display 3D graphics. A era flat screen display contains its own computer circuitry. While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously.
This is achieved by multitasking i. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant.
This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn. Before the era of inexpensive computers, the principal use for multitasking was to allow many people to share the same computer. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred.
This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss.
Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed in only large and powerful machines such as supercomputers , mainframe computers and servers.
Multiprocessor and multi-core multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result. Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general-purpose computers. Such designs tend to be useful for only specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once.
Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation , graphics rendering , and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called " embarrassingly parallel " tasks. Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc.
Software is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built. Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media.
It is often divided into system software and application software Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own. There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended for general purpose, others useful for only highly specialized applications.
The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed. That is to say that some type of instructions the program can be given to the computer, and it will process them.
Modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language. In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second gigaflops and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation.
Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors. This section applies to most common RAM machine —based computers. In most cases, computer instructions are simple: add one number to another, move some data from one location to another, send a message to some external device, etc. These instructions are read from the computer's memory and are generally carried out executed in the order they were given.
However, there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there. These are called "jump" instructions or branches. Furthermore, jump instructions may be made to happen conditionally so that different sequences of instructions may be used depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event.
Many computers directly support subroutines by providing a type of jump that "remembers" the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to the instruction following that jump instruction. Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest.
Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.
Comparatively, a person using a pocket calculator can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses. But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1, would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time, with a near certainty of making a mistake.
On the other hand, a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions. The following example is written in the MIPS assembly language :. Once told to run this program, the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention. It will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in a fraction of a second. In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number its operation code or opcode for short.
The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code.
Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs which are just lists of these instructions can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture.
This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches. While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers machine language and while this technique was used with many early computers, [h] it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs.
These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand machine language is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run.
Unlike natural languages , programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques.
Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them collectively termed low-level programming languages are generally unique to the particular architecture of a computer's central processing unit CPU.
Although considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently and thereby help reduce programmer error.
High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language using another computer program called a compiler. It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer.
This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles. Program design of small programs is relatively simple and involves the analysis of the problem, collection of inputs, using the programming constructs within languages, devising or using established procedures and algorithms, providing data for output devices and solutions to the problem as applicable.
As problems become larger and more complex, features such as subprograms, modules, formal documentation, and new paradigms such as object-oriented programming are encountered. Large programs involving thousands of line of code and more require formal software methodologies. The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge.
Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge. Errors in computer programs are called " bugs ". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to " hang ", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash.
Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design. Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the s. The U. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer.
Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web , combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous.
In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information.
A computer does not need to be electronic , nor even have a processor , nor RAM , nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, [l] the modern definition of a computer is literally: " A device that computes , especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information. There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers , DNA computers , neural computers , and quantum computers.
Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function , and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms by quantum factoring very quickly.
There are many types of computer architectures :. Of all these abstract machines , a quantum computer holds the most promise for revolutionizing computing. The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church—Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability being Turing-complete is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform.
Therefore, any type of computer netbook , supercomputer , cellular automaton , etc. A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code.
Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Artificial intelligence based products generally fall into two major categories: rule-based systems and pattern recognition systems.
Rule-based systems attempt to represent the rules used by human experts and tend to be expensive to develop. Pattern-based systems use data about a problem to generate conclusions. Examples of pattern-based systems include voice recognition , font recognition, translation and the emerging field of on-line marketing. As the use of computers has spread throughout society, there are an increasing number of careers involving computers. The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations, clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Automatic general-purpose device for performing arithmetic or logical operations. For other uses, see Computer disambiguation.
Computers and computing devices from different eras. Main articles: History of computing and History of computing hardware. For a chronological guide, see Timeline of computing. Main article: Analog computer. Main article: Stored-program computer. Main articles: Transistor and History of the transistor. Main articles: Integrated circuit and Invention of the integrated circuit. Further information: Planar process and Microprocessor.
See also: Classes of computers. Main articles: Computer hardware , Personal computer hardware , Central processing unit , and Microprocessor. Main article: History of computing hardware. Main articles: CPU design and Control unit. Main articles: Central processing unit and Microprocessor. Main article: Arithmetic logic unit. Main articles: Computer memory and Computer data storage. Main article: Computer multitasking.
Main article: Multiprocessing. Main article: Software. Main articles: Computer program and Computer programming. Main article: Programming language. Main article: Low-level programming language. Main article: High-level programming language. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources.
Many open source developers agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but rather evolved through natural selection. Torvalds considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew with a lot of mutations — and because the mutations were less than random, they were faster and more directed than alpha-particles in DNA. Raymond considers Linux's revolutionary aspects to be social, not technical: before Linux, complex software was designed carefully by small groups, but "Linux evolved in a completely different way.
From nearly the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only through the Internet. Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on the mutations introduced by developers. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel , the Linux kernel , which handles process control, networking, access to the peripherals , and file systems.
Device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel, or added as modules that are loaded while the system is running. The GNU userland is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception.
The Project's implementation of the C library works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux development including the compilers used to build the Linux kernel itself , and the coreutils implement many basic Unix tools. The project also develops Bash , a popular CLI shell.
Many other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems. Installed components of a Linux system include the following: [78] [80].
The user interface , also known as the shell , is either a command-line interface CLI , a graphical user interface GUI , or controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems, the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly available through terminal emulator windows or on a separate virtual console.
CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and output. Most low-level Linux components, including various parts of the userland , use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides very simple inter-process communication.
Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window System , often simply called "X". It provides network transparency and permits a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application; however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working over the network.
Org Server , being the most popular. Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and administrators, but provide a custom interface towards end-users, designed for the use-case of the system. This custom interface is accessed through a client that resides on another system, not necessarily Linux based. Several types of window managers exist for X11, including tiling , dynamic , stacking and compositing.
Window managers provide means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interact with the X Window System. Simpler X window managers such as dwm , ratpoison , i3wm , or herbstluftwm provide a minimalist functionality, while more elaborate window managers such as FVWM , Enlightenment or Window Maker provide more features such as a built-in taskbar and themes , but are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments.
Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11 protocol; as of [update] , it has not received wider adoption. Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager and compositing manager. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the display server, window manager and compositing manager.
Enlightenment has already been successfully ported since version Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs to evolve to better fit other devices. Also, a good userspace device library is the key of the success for having userspace applications to be able to work with all formats supported by those devices.
The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards.
Free software projects, although developed through collaboration , are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution.
Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole.
Distributions typically use a package manager such as apt , yum , zypper , pacman or portage to install, remove, and update all of a system's software from one central location. A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, Debian being a well-known example.
In many cities and regions, local associations known as Linux User Groups LUGs seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software.
They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Online forums are another means for support, with notable examples being LinuxQuestions.
Linux distributions host mailing lists ; commonly there will be a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list. There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on Linux often bundle cover disks that carry software or even complete Linux distributions. Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and of free software.
The free software licenses , on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic.
One common business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks.
Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. As computer hardware standardized throughout the s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to profit from this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that shared the same architecture. Most programming languages support Linux either directly or through third-party community based ports.
First released in , the LLVM project provides an alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many languages. A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional specific-purpose programming languages targeted at scripting , text processing and system configuration and management in general. Linux distributions support shell scripts , awk , sed and make.
Many programs also have an embedded programming language to support configuring or programming themselves. For example, regular expressions are supported in programs like grep and locate , the traditional Unix MTA Sendmail contains its own Turing complete scripting system, and the advanced text editor GNU Emacs is built around a general purpose Lisp interpreter.
Guile Scheme acts as an extension language targeting the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small, static , compiled C programs of Unix design rapidly and dynamically extensible via an elegant, functional high-level scripting system; many GNU programs can be compiled with optional Guile bindings to this end. These projects are based on the GTK and Qt widget toolkits , respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework.
Both support a wide variety of languages. The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse range of computer architectures , including the hand-held ARM -based iPAQ and the IBM mainframes System z9 or System z The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever intended to use a manufacturer-created operating system, such as Macintosh computers [] [] with both PowerPC and Intel processors , PDAs , video game consoles , portable music players , and mobile phones.
There are several industry associations and hardware conferences devoted to maintaining and improving support for diverse hardware under Linux, such as FreedomHEC. Over time, support for different hardware has improved in Linux, resulting in any off-the-shelf purchase having a "good chance" of being compatible. In , a new initiative was launched to automatically collect a database of all tested hardware configurations. The GPL requires that anyone who distributes software based on source code under this license must make the originating source code and any modifications available to the recipient under the same terms.
Torvalds states that the Linux kernel will not move from version 2 of the GPL to version 3. A study of Red Hat Linux 7. Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel itself was 2. In a later study, the same analysis was performed for Debian version 4. Della Croce, Jr.
In , Torvalds and some affected organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and, in , the case was settled.
Torvalds has stated that he trademarked the name only to prevent someone else from using it. LMI originally charged a nominal sublicensing fee for use of the Linux name as part of trademarks, [] but later changed this in favor of offering a free, perpetual worldwide sublicense. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 August This article is about the family of operating systems.
For the kernel, see Linux kernel. For other uses, see Linux disambiguation. Family of Unix-like operating systems. Tux the penguin, mascot of Linux [1]. Main article: History of Linux. Main article: Linux adoption. Main article: Video4Linux. Main articles: Linux distribution and Free software. See also: Free software community and Linux User Group. See also: List of Linux-supported computer architectures. Main article: Linux range of use.
See also: Usage share of operating systems. Free and open-source software portal Linux portal. GNU Core utilities are an essential part of most distributions. Most Linux distributions use the X Window system. Archived from the original on August 15, Retrieved August 11, Archived from the original on March 8, Archived from the original on October 5, Archived from the original on February 21, Archived from the original on January 20, Archived from the original on May 15, This ended up working for me.
It's sad to see this tricks still being necessary in VS15 — Ocab Having a designer that only works if you build the solution is terrible. Imagine telling a car designer to build the whole car before seeing the design.
Good piece of advice. It hasn't solved the problem all by itself but helped me find a solution as it cut the number of compile errors from to 5. Show 1 more comment. Try changing the build target platform to x86 and building the project.
I've had this re-occur and I can confirm this solves the problem for me. You can switch back to x64 after you build it in x This worked for me too in VS Thanks, Tom! Switching to x86 and back to x64 fixed the problem here, so thanks for inspiring me to try that. I had even closed VS, deleted bin and obj, and rebuilt, along with other suggestions, and nothing helped until this.
Yes, this also worked for me on VS Update 2. However, it was necessary for me to reload my external dll files and rebuild them also. With VSU2, I still get this issue in x Works great in Any CPU. Switching back and forth doesn't work for me. Show 2 more comments. Maybe another solution for when the project compiles but the XAML error is showing : In solution explore, on the project node that contains the xaml Right-click on the project and choose 'Unload Project' Right-click on the project and choose 'Reload Project' Make sure that your project is still choosen as "startup project".
If not : Right-click on the project and choose 'Set as startup project' No need to rebuild, or close visual studio.
Simon Simon 2, 1 1 gold badge 21 21 silver badges 23 23 bronze badges. The single thing that did: Put my static class of Commands in my case the deal was about making the design discover my WPF Commands in its separate assembly and changing the assembly name to that one's instead. Jonas Jonas 1, 1 1 gold badge 16 16 silver badges 25 25 bronze badges. Supa Stix Supa Stix 2 2 silver badges 4 4 bronze badges.
This was the case for me, I moved it to my vm on which I develop and boom no problems. This was the case for me as well it appears. Moving them to being on a local drive instead of a network share -- as set up by Parallels to union both the Mac and Windows filesystem a bit , fixed the issue. I think it's a bug in Visual Studio Update 2.
Ehsan Abidi Ehsan Abidi 8 8 silver badges 24 24 bronze badges. Strangely enough intellisense works for Visual Studios , Service Pack 4. Trevy Burgess Trevy Burgess 5 5 silver badges 12 12 bronze badges. Monitor" I suspect that MsBuild and Visual Studio then were erroring out as they were trying to find a 'Monitor' type in the assembly 'Models'. Monitor" Neither of the above worked. Shoonya Shoonya 8 8 bronze badges. StayOnTarget Looks like this problem may be solved through a variety of "tricks.
Tommy Andersen Tommy Andersen 41 3 3 bronze badges. In other words, project's. NET Framework version can't be older than referenced project's. NET Framework version.
At the bottom of the General tab click the "Unblock" button or checkbox. Note: Only unblock DLLs if you are sure they are safe. Jordan Jordan 9, 9 9 gold badges 69 69 silver badges bronze badges. This worked for me - I had downloaded a project off of dropbox and was getting the error.
I also had to delete the ShadowCache — geometrikal. Kevin Cook Kevin Cook 1, 1 1 gold badge 16 16 silver badges 15 15 bronze badges. In my case I had a namespace and class spelled exactly the same, so for example, one of my namespaces was firstDepth.
Fubar which contains its own classes e. Don't do this. Sean Sean 2, 2 2 gold badges 14 14 silver badges 16 16 bronze badges. If non of the answers worked For me was. Abdullah Tahan Abdullah Tahan 1, 14 14 silver badges 27 27 bronze badges. Community Bot 1 1 1 silver badge. Jeremy Jeremy 3 3 silver badges 12 12 bronze badges. Another possible cause: A post-build event is removing the project DLL from the build folder.
Microsoft project professional 2016 configuration did not complete successfully free. Microsoft Office Professinal Plus 2016 configuration did not complete successfully
Kinect - Wikipedia.Setup Office or Microsoft
Kinect is a line of motion sensing input devices produced by Microsoft and first released in The devices generally contain RGB cameras, and infrared projectors and detectors that map depth through either structured light or time of flight calculations, which can in turn be used to perform real-time gesture recognition and body skeletal detection, among other capabilities.
They also contain microphones that can be used for speech recognition and voice control. Kinect was originally developed as a motion controller peripheral for Xbox video game consoles , distinguished from competitors such as Nintendo's Wii Remote and Sony's PlayStation Move by not requiring physical controllers.
The first-generation Kinect was based on technology from Israeli company PrimeSense , and unveiled at E3 as a peripheral for Xbox codenamed " Project Natal ".
It was first released on November 4, , and would go on to sell eight million units in its first 60 days of availability. The majority of the games developed for Kinect were casual , family-oriented titles, which helped to attract new audiences to Xbox , but did not result in wide adoption by the console's existing, overall userbase. As part of the unveiling of Xbox 's successor, Xbox One , Microsoft unveiled a second-generation version of Kinect with improved tracking capabilities.
Microsoft also announced that Kinect would be a required component of the console, and that it would not function unless the peripheral is connected.
The requirement proved controversial among users and critics due to privacy concerns, prompting Microsoft to backtrack on the decision. However, Microsoft would still bundle the new Kinect with Xbox One consoles upon their launch in November A market for Kinect-based games still did not emerge after the Xbox One's launch; Microsoft would later offer Xbox One hardware bundles without Kinect included, and later revisions of the console removed the dedicated ports used to connect it requiring a powered USB adapter instead.
Microsoft ended production of Kinect for Xbox One in October Kinect has also been used as part of non-gaming applications in academic and commercial environments, as it was cheaper and more robust compared to other depth-sensing technologies at the time. While Microsoft initially objected to such applications, it later released software development kits SDKs for the development of Microsoft Windows applications that use Kinect.
In , Microsoft released Azure Kinect as a continuation of the technology integrated with the Microsoft Azure cloud computing platform. Part of the Kinect technology was also used within Microsoft's Hololens project. The origins of the Kinect started around , at a point where technology vendors were starting to develop depth-sensing cameras. Microsoft had been interested in a 3D camera for the Xbox line earlier but because the technology had not been refined, had placed it in the "Boneyard", a collection of possible technology they could not immediately work on.
In , PrimeSense was founded by tech-savvy mathematicians and engineers from Israel to develop the "next big thing" for video games, incorporating cameras that were capable of mapping a human body in front of them and sensing hand motions.
They showed off their system at the Game Developers Conference , where Microsoft's Alex Kipman, the general manager of hardware incubation, saw the potential in PrimeSense's technology for the Xbox system. Microsoft began discussions with PrimeSense about what would need to be done to make their product more consumer-friendly: not only improvements in the capabilities of depth-sensing cameras, but a reduction in size and cost, and a means to manufacturer the units at scale was required.
PrimeSense spent the next few years working at these improvements. Nintendo released the Wii in November The Wii's central feature was the Wii Remote , a handheld device that was detected by the Wii through a motion sensor bar mounted onto a television screen to enable motion controlled games.
Microsoft felt pressure from the Wii, and began looking into depth-sensing in more detail with PrimeSense's hardware, but could not get to the level of motion tracking they desired. While they could determine hand gestures, and sense the general shape of a body, they could not do skeletal tracking.
A separate path within Microsoft looked to create an equivalent of the Wii Remote, considering that this type of unit may become standardized similar to how two-thumbstick controllers became a standard feature. Kudo Tsunoda and Darren Bennett joined Microsoft in , and began working with Kipman on a new approach to depth-sensing aided by machine learning to improve skeletal tracking.
They internally demonstrated this and established where they believed the technology could be in a few years, which led to the strong interest to fund further development of the technology; this has also occurred at a time that Microsoft executives wanted to abandon the Wii-like motion tracking approach, and favored the depth-sensing solution to present a product that went beyond the Wii's capabilities.
The project was greenlit by late with work started in Additionally, Kipman recognized the Latin origins of the word "natal" to mean "to be born", reflecting the new types of audiences they hoped to draw with the technology.
The Microsoft team discovered from this research that the up-and-down angle of the depth-sensing camera would either need to be adjusted manually, or would require an expensive motor to move automatically. Upper management at Microsoft opted to include the motor despite the increased cost to avoid breaking game immersion. Kinect project work also involved packaging the system for mass production and optimizing its performance.
Hardware development took around 22 months. During hardware development, Microsoft engaged with software developers to use Kinect. Microsoft wanted to make games that would be playable by families since Kinect could sense multiple bodies in front of it. One of the first internal titles developed for the device was the pack-in game Kinect Adventures developed by Good Science Studio that was part of Microsoft Studios.
One of the game modes of Kinect Adventures was "Reflex Ridge", based on the Japanese Brain Wall game where players attempt to contort their bodies in a short time to match cutouts of a wall moving at them. This type of game was a key example of the type of interactivity they wanted with Kinect, and its development helped feed into the hardware improvements. Nearing the planned release, there was a problem of widespread testing of Kinect in various room types and different bodies accounting for age, gender, and race among other factors, while keeping the details of the unit confidential.
Microsoft engaged in a company-wide program offering employees to take home Kinect units to test them. Microsoft also brought other non-gaming divisions, including its Microsoft Research , Microsoft Windows , and Bing teams to help complete the system. Microsoft established its own large-scale manufacturing facility to bulk product Kinect units and test them.
Kinect was first announced to the public as "Project Natal" on June 1, , during Microsoft's press conference at E3 ; film director Steven Spielberg joined Microsoft's Don Mattrick to introduce the technology and its potential.
In the months following E3 , rumors that a new Xbox console associated with Project Natal emerged, either a retail configuration that incorporated the peripheral, [23] [24] or as a hardware revision or upgrade to support the peripheral.
Microsoft indicated that the company considered Project Natal to be a significant initiative, as fundamental to Xbox brand as Xbox Live , [22] and with a planned launch akin to that of a new Xbox console platform. Following the E3 show and through , the Project Natal team members experimentally adapted numerous games to Kinect-based control schemes to help evaluate usability. Companies like Harmonix and Double Fine quickly took to Project Natal and saw the potential in it, and committed to developing games for the unit, such as the launch title Dance Central from Harmonix.
Although its sensor unit was originally planned to contain a microprocessor that would perform operations such as the system's skeletal mapping, Microsoft reported in January that the sensor would no longer feature a dedicated processor. These observed believed that instead the industry would develop games specific to the Kinect features.
During Microsoft's E3 press conference, it was announced that Project Natal would be officially branded as Kinect, and be released in North America on November 4, All units included Kinect Adventures as a pack-in game.
Microsoft continued to refine the Kinect technology in the months leading to the Kinect launch in November The Kinect release for the Xbox was estimated to have sold eight million units in the first sixty days of release, earning the hardware the Guinness World Record for the "Fastest-Selling Consumer Electronics Device".
Microsoft provided news of these changes to the third-party developers to help them anticipate how the improvements can be integrated into the games. Concurrent with the Kinect improvements, Microsoft's Xbox hardware team had started planning for the Xbox One around mid Part of early Xbox One specifications was that the new Kinect hardware would be automatically included with the console, so that developers would know that Kinect hardware would be available for any Xbox One, and hoping to encourage developers to take advantage of that.
Microsoft stated at these events that the Xbox One would include the updated Kinect hardware and it would be required to be plugged in at all times for the Xbox One to function. This raised concerns across the video game media: privacy advocates argued that Kinect sensor data could be used for targeted advertising , and to perform unauthorized surveillance on users.
In response to these claims, Microsoft reiterated that Kinect voice recognition and motion tracking can be disabled by users, that Kinect data cannot be used for advertising per its privacy policy , and that the console would not redistribute user-generated content without permission.
Microsoft announced in August that they had made several changes to the planned Xbox One release in response to the backlash. Among these was that the system would no longer require a Kinect unit to be plugged in to work, though it was still planned to package the Kinect with all Xbox One systems. Richard Irving, a program group manager that oversaw Kinect, said that Microsoft had felt that it was more important to give developers and consumers the option of developing for or purchasing the Kinect rather than forcing the unit on them.
The removal of Kinect from the Xbox One retail package was the start of the rapid decline and phase-out of the unit within Microsoft. Developers like Harmonix that had been originally targeting games to use the Xbox One had put these games on hold until they knew there was enough of a Kinect install base to justify release, which resulted in a lack of games for the Kinect and reducing any consumer drive to buy the separate unit.
Microsoft formally announced it would stop manufacturing Kinect for Xbox One on October 25, This is considered by the media to be the point where Microsoft ceased work on the Kinect for the Xbox platform. While the Kinect unit for the Xbox platform had petered out, the Kinect had found new life in academia and other applications since around In robotics , Kinect's depth-sensing would enable robots to determine the shape and approximate distances to obstacles and maneuver around them.
Around November , after the Kinect's launch, scientists, engineers, and hobbyists had been able to hack into the Kinect to determine what hardware and internal software it had used, leading to users finding how to connect and operate the Kinect with Microsoft Windows and OS X over USB, which has unsecured data from the various camera elements that could be read.
This further led to prototype demos of other possible applications, such as a gesture-based user interface for the operating system similar to that shown in the film Minority Report , as well as pornographic applications.
Adafruit Industries , having envisioned some of the possible applications of the Kinect outside of gaming, issued a security challenge related to the Kinect, offering prize money for the successful development of an open source software development kit SDK and hardware drivers for the Kinect, which came to be known as Open Kinect. This is happening today, and this is happening tomorrow. Microsoft initially took issue with users hacking into the Kinect, stating they would incorporate additional safeguards into future iterations of the unit to prevent such hacks.
The first thing to talk about is, Kinect was not actually hacked. Hacking would mean that someone got to our algorithms that sit inside of the Xbox and was able to actually use them, which hasn't happened. Or, it means that you put a device between the sensor and the Xbox for means of cheating, which also has not happened.
That's what we call hacking, and that's what we have put a ton of work and effort to make sure doesn't actually occur. What has happened is someone wrote an open-source driver for PCs that essentially opens the USB connection, which we didn't protect, by design, and reads the inputs from the sensor.
The sensor, again, as I talked earlier, has eyes and ears, and that's a whole bunch of noise that someone needs to take and turn into signal. PrimeSense along with robotics firm Willow Garage and game developer Side-Kick launched OpenNI , a not-for-profit group to develop portable drivers for the Kinect and other natural interface NI devices, in November The resulting product, the Wavi Xtion, was released in October Microsoft announced in February that it was planning on releasing its own SDK for the Kinect within a few months, and which was officially released on June 16, , but which was limited to non-commercial uses.
With the original announcement of the revised Kinect for Xbox One in , Microsoft also confirmed it would have a second generation of Kinect for Windows based on the updated Kinect technology by Microsoft stated that the demand for the Kinect 2 for Windows demand was high and difficult to keep up while also fulfilling the Kinect for Xbox One orders, and that they had found commercial developers successfully using the Kinect for Xbox One in their applications without issue.
Though Kinect had been cancelled, the ideas of it helped to spur Microsoft into looking more into accessibility for Xbox and its games. According to Phil Spencer , the head of Xbox at Microsoft, they received positive comments from parents of disabled and impaired children who were happy that Kinect allowed their children to play video games.
These efforts led to the development of the Xbox Adaptive Controller , released in , as one of Microsoft's efforts in this area. Microsoft had abandoned the idea of Kinect for video games, but still explored the potential of Kinect beyond that.
Microsoft's Director of Communications Greg Sullivan stated in that "I think one of the things that is beginning to be understood is that Kinect was never really just the gaming peripheral It was always more. Microsoft announced that it was working on a new version of a hardware Kinect model for non-game applications that would integrate with their Azure cloud computing services in May The use of cloud computing to offload some of the computational work from Kinect, as well as more powerful features enable by Azure such as artificial intelligence would improve the accuracy of the depth-sensing and reduce the power demand and would lead to more compact units, Microsoft had envisioned.
Sky UK announced a new line of Sky Glass television units to launch in that incorporate the Kinect technology in partnership with Microsoft. Using the Kinect features, the viewer will be able to control the television through motion controls and audio commands, and supports social features such as social viewing.
The depth and motion sensing technology at the core of the Kinect is enabled through its depth-sensing. The original Kinect for Xbox used structured light for this: the unit used a near- infrared pattern projected across the space in front of the Kinect, while an infrared sensor captured the reflected light pattern.
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